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In 2008, Congress enacted a $7,500 tax credit designed to be an incentive for first-time homebuyers to purchase a home. The credit was designed as a mechanism to decrease the over-supply of homes for sale.
For 2009, Congress has increased the credit to $8,000 and made several additional improvements. This revised $8,000 tax credit applies to purchases on or after January 1, 2009 and before December 1, 2009.
1. What’s this new homebuyer tax incentive for 2009?
The 2008 $7,500, repayable credit is increased to $8,000 and the
repayment feature is eliminated for 2009 purchasers. Any home that is purchased
for $80,000 or more qualifies for the full $8,000 amount. If the house costs less
than $80,000, the credit will be 10% of the cost. Thus, if an individual
purchased a home for $75,000, the credit would be $7,500. It is available for the
purchase of a principal residence on or after January 1, 2009 and before
December 1, 2009.
2. Who is eligible?
Only first-time homebuyers are eligible. A
person is considered a first-time buyer if he/she has not had any ownership
interest in a home in the three years previous to the day of the 2009 purchase.
3. How does a tax credit work?
Every dollar of a tax credit reduces income taxes
by a dollar. Credits are claimed on an individual’s income tax return. Thus, a
qualified purchaser would figure out all the income items and exemptions and
make all the calculations required to figure out his/her total tax due. Then,
once the total tax owed has been computed, tax credits are applied to reduce the
total tax bill. So, if before taking any credits on a tax return a person has
total tax liability of $9500, an $8,000 credit would wipe out all but $1500 of
the tax due. ($9,500 - $8,000 = $1,500)
4. So what happens if the purchaser is
eligible for an $8,000 credit but their entire income tax liability for the year
is only $6,000?
This tax credit is what’s called “refundable” credit. Thus, if
the eligible purchaser’s total tax liability was $6,000, the IRS would send the
purchaser a check for $2,000. The refundable amount is the difference between
$8,000 credit amount and the amount of tax liability. ($8,000 - $6,000 = $2,000)
Most taxpayers determine their tax liability by referring to tables that the IRS
prepares each year.
5. How does withholding affect my tax credit and my refund?
A few examples are provided at the end of this document. There are several steps
in this calculation, but most income tax software programs are equipped to make
that determination.
6. Is there an income restriction?
Yes. The income
restriction is based on the tax filing status the purchaser claims when filing
his/her income tax return. Individuals filing Form 1040 as Single (or Head of
Household) are eligible for the credit if their income is no more than $75,000.
Married couples who file a Joint return may have income of no more than
$150,000.
7. How is my "income" determined?
For most individuals, income is
defined and calculated in the same manner as their Adjusted Gross Income (AGI)
on their 1040 income tax return. AGI includes items like wages, salaries,
interest and dividends, pension and retirement earnings, rental income and a
host of other elements. AGI is the final number that appears on the bottom line
of the front page of an IRS Form 1040.
8. What if I worked abroad for part of the year?
Some individuals have earned income and/or receive housing allowances
while working outside the US. Their income will be adjusted to reflect those
items to measure Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI). Their eligibility for
the credit will be based on their MAGI.
9. Do individuals with incomes higher than the $75,000 or $150,000 limits lose all the benefit of the credit?
Not always. The credit phases-out between $75,000 - $95,000 for singles and $150,000
- $170,000 for married filing joint. The closer a buyer comes to the maximum
phase-out amount, the smaller the credit will be. The law provides a formula to
gradually withdraw the credit. Thus, the credit will disappear after an
individual’s income reaches $95,000 (single return) or $170,000 (joint return).
For example, if a married couple had income of $165,000, their credit would be
reduced by 75% as shown: Couple’s income $165,000 Income limit 150,000 Excess
income $15,000 The excess income amount ($15,000 in this example) is used to
form a fraction. The numerator of the fraction is the excess income amount
($15,000). The denominator is $20,000 (specified by the statute). In this
example, the disallowed portion of the credit is 75% of $8000, or $6,000
($15,000/$20,000 = 75% x $8,000 = $6,000) Stated another way, only 25% of the
credit amount would be allowed. In this example, the allowable credit would be
$2000 (25% x $8,000 = $2,000)
10. What’s the definition of "principal residence"?
Generally, a principal residence is the home where an individual spends most of
his/her time (generally defined as more than 50%). It is also defined as
"owner-occupied" housing. The term includes single-family detached housing,
condos or co-ops, townhouses or any similar type of new or existing dwelling.
Even some houseboats or manufactured homes count as principal residences.
11. Are there restrictions on the location of the property?
Yes. The home must be
located in the United States. Property located outside the US is not eligible
for the credit.
12. Are there restrictions related to the financing for the
mortgage on the property?
In 2009, most financing arrangements are acceptable
and will not affect eligibility for the credit. Congress eliminated the
financing restriction that applied in 2008. (In 2008, purchasers were ineligible
for the $7,500 credit if the financing was obtained by means of mortgage revenue
bonds.) Now, mortgage-revenue bond financing will not disqualify an
otherwise-eligible purchaser. (Mortgage revenue bonds are tax-exempt bonds
issued by a state housing agency. Proceeds from the bonds must be used for below
market loans to qualified buyers.)
13. Do I have to repay the 2009 tax credit?
NO. There is no repayment for 2009 tax credits.
14. Do 2008 purchasers still have to repay their tax credit?
YES. The $7,500 credit in 2008 was more like an
interest-free loan. All eligible purchasers who claimed the 2008 credit will
still be required to repay it over 15 years, starting with their 2010 tax
return.
15. How do I apply for the credit?
There is no pre-purchase authorization, application or similar approval process. All
eligible purchasers simply claim the credit on their IRS Form 1040 tax return.
The credit will be reflected on a new Form 5405 that will be attached to the
1040. Form 5405 can be found at www.irs.gov.
16. So I can’t use the credit amount as part of my downpayment?
No. Congress tried hard to devise a mechanism that would make the funds available for closing
costs, but found that pre-funding would require cumbersome processes that would,
in effect, bring the IRS into the purchase and settlement phase of the
transaction.
17. So there’s no way to get any cash flow benefits before I file my tax return?
Yes, there is. Any first-time homebuyers who believe they are
eligible for all or part of the credit can modify their income tax withholding
(through their employers) or adjust their quarterly estimated tax payments.
Individuals subject to income tax withholding would get an IRS Form W-4 from
their employer, follow the instructions on the schedules provided and give the
completed Form W-4 back to the employer. In many cases their withholding would
decrease and their take-home pay would increase. Those who make estimated tax
payments would make similar adjustments.
18. What if I purchase later this year but can’t get to settlement before December 1?
The credit is available for purchases before December 1, 2009. A home is considered
as “purchased” when all events have occurred that transfer the title from the
seller to the new purchaser. Thus, closings must occur before December 1, 2009
for purchases to be eligible for the credit.
19. I haven’t even filed my 2008 tax return yet. If I buy in 2009, do I have to wait until next year to get the
benefit of the credit?
You’ll have a helpful choice that might speed up the
process. Eligible homebuyers who make their purchase between January 1, 2009 and
December 1, 2009 can treat the purchase as if it had occurred on December 31,
2008. Thus, they can claim the credit on their 2008 tax return that is due on
April 15, 2009. They actually have three filing options.
20. I purchased my home in early 2009 before the stimulus bill was enacted. I
claimed a $7,500 tax credit on my 2008 return as prior law had permitted. Am I
restricted to just a $7,500 credit?
No, you would qualify for the $8,000 credit.
Eligible purchasers who have already claimed the $7500 credit on a 2008 return
for a 2009 purchase may file an amended return (IRS Form 1040X) for the 2008 tax
year. This amended return will enable them to obtain the additional $500 credit
amount.
21. If I claim my 2009 $8,000 credit on my 2008 tax return, will I have
to repay the credit just as the 2008 credits are repaid?
No. Congress
anticipated this confusion and has made specific provision so that there would
be no repayment of 2009 credits that are claimed on 2008 returns.
22. I made an eligible purchase of a principal residence in May 2008 and claimed the $7,500
credit on my 2008 tax return. My brother, who has never owned a home, wishes to
purchase a partial interest in the home this spring and move in. Will he qualify
for the $8,000 credit, as well?
No. Any purchase of a principal residence (or
interest in a principal residence) from a related party such as a sibling,
parent, grandparent, aunt or uncle is ineligible for the tax credit. Since you
and your brother are related in this way, he cannot qualify for the credit on
any portion of the home that he purchases from you, even if he is a first-time
homebuyer.
23. I live in the District of Columbia. If I qualify as a first-time
homebuyer, can I use both the $5,000 DC credit and the $8,000 credit?
No; double dipping is not allowed. You would be eligible for only the $8,000 credit. This
will be an advantage because of the higher credit amount, plus the eligibility
requirements for the $8,000 credit are somewhat more easily satisfied than the DC
credit.
24. I know there is no repayment requirement for the $8,000 credit. Will
I ever have to repay any of the credit back to the government?
One situation does require a recapture payment back to the government. If you claim the credit
but then sell the property within 3 years of the date of purchase, you are
required to pay back the full amount of any credit, including any refund you
received from it. A few exceptions apply. (See below, #25). Note that this same
3-year recapture rule applies, as well, to the $7,500 credit available for 2008.
This provision is designed as an anti-flipping rule.
25. What if I die or get divorced or my property is ruined in a natural disaster within the 3 years?
The repayment rules are eased for many circumstances. If the homeowner who used the
credit dies within the first three years of ownership, there is no recapture.
Special rules make adjustments for people who sell homes as part of a divorce
settlement, as well. Similarly, adjustments are made in the case of a home that
is part of an involuntary conversion (property is destroyed in a natural
disaster or subject to condemnation by eminent domain by an authorized agency)
within the first three years.
26. I have a home under construction. Am I eligible for the credit?
Yes, so long as you actually occupy the home before December 1, 2009.
Note: The impact of estimated tax payments would be the same.
Situation 1: Sally plans her withholding so that her
withholding is as close as possible to what she anticipates as her income tax
liability for the year. When she fills out her 1040, her liability is $6,000. She
has had $6,000 withheld from her paycheck. She also qualifies for the $8,000
homebuyer credit.
Result: Sally’s withholding satisfies her tax liability and
reduces it to zero. She will receive a refund of the full $8,000.
Situation 2: Nick and Nora file a joint return. Nick is self-employed and makes estimated
payments; Nora has taxes withheld from her salary. When they compute their
taxes, their combined withholding and estimated tax payments are $11,000. Their
income tax liability is $9,800. They also qualified as first-time homebuyers and
are eligible for the $8,000 refundable tax credit.
Result: Ordinarily, their
combined estimated tax payments and withholding would make them eligible for a
refund of $1,200 ($11,000 - $9,800 = $1,200). Because they are eligible for the
refundable tax credit as well, they will receive a refund of $9,200 ($1,200 income
tax refund + $8,000 refundable tax credit = $9,200)
Situation 3: Cesar and Luz Maria both have income taxes withheld from their salaries and file a joint
return. When they file their income tax return, their combined withholding is
$5,000. However, their total tax liability is $7,200, generating an additional
income tax liability of $2,200 ($7,200 - $5,000). They also qualify for the $8,000
first-time homebuyer tax credit.
Result: Cesar and Luz Maria have been
under-withheld by $2,200. Ordinarily, they would be required to pay the
additional $2,200 they owe (plus any applicable interest and penalties). Because
they are eligible for the refundable homebuyer tax credit, the credit will cover
the $2,200 additional liability. In addition, they will receive an income tax
refund of $5,800 ($8,000 - $2,200 = $5,800). If they owed penalties and/or interest,
that amount would reduce the refund.
Last Updated: 09/03/2010
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